Polysaccharide isolated from wax apple suppresses ethyl carbamate-induced oxidative damage in human hepatocytes / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) has received growing research interest for its high nutritional and medicinal value due to its constituents such as polysaccharide, organic acids, flavonoids, minerals, and other substances. In this study, wax apple polysaccharide (WAP) was isolated from this plant and its protective effect against ethyl carbamate (EC)‍-induced oxidative damage was evaluated in human hepatocytes (L02 cells). Firstly, a series of analyses such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were conducted to identify the structure of WAP. Thereafter, in vitro cell experiments were performed to verify the protective effects of WAP against EC-induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative damage in L02 cells. Our results revealed that WAP is composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, arabinose, and fucose in a molar ratio of 2.20:‍3.94:‍4.45:‍8.56:‍8.86:‍30.82:‍39.78:‍1.48. Using a combination of methylation and NMR spectroscopic analysis, the primary structure of WAP was identified as Araf-(1→, Glcp-(1→, →2)‍-Araf-(1→, →3)‍-Galp-(1→, →3)‍-Araf-‍(1→, and →6)‍-Galp-‍(1→. Cell experiments indicated that WAP exhibited significant protective effects on EC-treated L02 cells via suppressing cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and O2•- formation, as well as improving mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and glutathione (GSH). In a nutshell, WAP has the potential as an important therapeutic agent or supplement for hepatic oxidative damage. Meanwhile, further studies are needed to prove the above effects in vivo at the biological and clinical levels.

Alternativas de controle do diabetes / Alternatives for diabetes control / Alternativas para el control de la diabetes

O Diabetes desde a antiguidade tem sido uma das maiores causas de morte entre as populações do globo, e segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde continua assolando nos nossos dias. Apesar das descobertas de tratamentos mais eficazes, a doença vem avançando em progressões assustadoras atualmente, com projeções preocupantes para a saúde pública. Como estratégia de acompanhamento terapêutico, estatístico direcionado a portadores de diabetes, o Governo Federal lançou o programa HIPERDIA (Hipertensos e Diabéticos), que faz o acompanhamento da evolução da doença e das complicações dos pacientes. E neste sentido, também são utilizadas terapêuticas mais acessíveis como as plantas medicinais. O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em realizar uma revisão bibliográfica abordando as opções de terapias de controle do diabetes oferecidas no Sistema Único de Saúde e pesquisar fitoterápicos com potencial hipoglicêmico aprovados pela Anvisa. Através de levantamento bibliográfico, foram identificadas oito espécies vegetais utilizadas pela medicina popular no controle do diabetes, sendo estas: Bauhinia Forficata, Syzygium Cumini, Annona Muricata, Cynara Scolymus, Momordica Charantia, Eugenia Uniflora e Baccharis Trimera. Essas plantas do programa, embora tenham comprovação de seu efeito hipoglicêmico e redutores dos sintomas diabéticos, pelas suas propriedades antioxidantes e antiinflamatórias, colabora para uma melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes.

Since antiquity, Diabetes has been one of the biggest causes of death amon-g populations around the globe, and according to the World Health Organization, it continues to plague our days. Despite discoveries of more effective treatments, the disease is currently advancing in frightening progressions, with worrying projections for public health. As a therapeutic, statistical follow-up strategy aimed at people with diabetes, the Federal Government launched the HIPERDIA (Hypertensive and Diabetic) program, which monitors the evolution of the disease and the complications of patients. And in this sense, more accessible therapies such as medicinal plants are also used. The objective of this research is to carry out a literature review addressing the options for diabetes control therapies offered in the Unified Health System and to search for herbal medicines with hypoglycemic potential approved by Anvisa. Through a bibliographical survey, eight plant species used by folk medicine to control diabetes were identified, namely: Bauhinia Forficata, Syzygium Cumini, Annona Muricata, Cynara Scolymus, Momordica Charantia, Eugenia Uniflora and Bacharis Trimera. These plants in the program, although they have evidence of their hypoglycemic effect and reduce diabetic symptoms, due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contribute to a better quality of life for patients.

La diabetes ha sido desde la antigüedad una de las principales causas de muerte entre las poblaciones del planeta, y según la Organización Mundial de la Salud sigue haciendo estragos en nuestros días. A pesar de los descubrimientos de tratamientos más eficaces, la enfermedad avanza actualmente con una progresión aterradora, con proyecciones preocupantes para la salud pública. Como estrategia de seguimiento terapéutico, estadísticamente dirigida a las personas con diabetes, el Gobierno Federal puso en marcha el programa HIPERDIA (Hipertensión y Diabetes), que controla la evolución de la enfermedad y las complicaciones de los pacientes. En este sentido, también se utilizan terapias más accesibles, como las plantas medicinales. El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar una revisión bibliográfica que aborde las opciones de terapias para el control de la diabetes ofrecidas en el Sistema Único de Salud y buscar fitoterapias con potencial hipoglucemiante aprobadas por Anvisa. Mediante un estudio bibliográfico, se identificaron ocho especies vegetales utilizadas por la medicina popular en el control de la diabetes, a saber: Bauhinia Forficata, Syzygium Cumini, Annona Muricata, Cynara Scolymus, Momordica Charantia, Eugenia Uniflora y Baccharis Trimera. Estas plantas del programa, aunque han demostrado su efecto hipoglucemiante y reductor de los síntomas diabéticos, por sus propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias, colaboran a una mejor calidad de vida para los pacientes.

Phytochemical composition, antifungal activity, in vitro and in vivo toxicity of Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels leaves extract / Composición fitoquímica, actividad antifúngica, toxicidad in vitro e in vivo del extracto de hojas de Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels

This study determined phytochemical composition, antifungal activity and toxicity in vitro and in vivo of Syzygium cumini leaves extract (Sc). Thus, was characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and submitted to determination of Minimum Inhibitory (MIC) and Fungicidal concentrations (MFC) on reference and clinical strains of Candida spp. and by growth kinetics assays. Toxicity was verified using in vitro assays of hemolysis, osmotic fragility, oxidant and antioxidant activity in human erythrocytes and by in vivo acute systemic toxicity in Galleria mellonella larvae. Fourteen different compounds were identified in Sc, which showed antifungal activity (MIC between 31.25-125µg/mL) with fungistatic effect on Candida. At antifungal concentrations, it demonstrated low cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity and neglible in vivotoxicity. Thus, Sc demonstrated a promising antifungal potential, with low toxicity, indicating that this extract can be a safe and effective alternative antifungal agent.

Este estudio determinó la composición fitoquímica, la actividad antifúngica y la toxicidad in vitro e in vivo del extracto de hojas de Syzygium cumini (Sc). Así, se caracterizó mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas y se sometió a determinación de Concentraciones Mínimas Inhibitorias (CMI) y Fungicidas (MFC) sobre cepas de referencia y clínicas de Candida spp. y mediante ensayos de cinética de crecimiento. La toxicidad se verificó mediante ensayos in vitro de hemólisis, fragilidad osmótica, actividad oxidante y antioxidante en eritrocitos humanos y por toxicidad sistémica aguda in vivo en larvas de Galleria mellonella. Se identificaron catorce compuestos diferentes en Sc, que mostraron actividad antifúngica (CMI entre 31.25-125 µg/mL) con efecto fungistático sobre Candida. En concentraciones antifúngicas, demostró baja citotoxicidad, actividad antioxidante y toxicidad in vivo insignificante. Por lo tanto, Sc demostró un potencial antifúngico prometedor, con baja toxicidad, lo que indica que este extracto puede ser un agente antifúngico alternativo seguro y eficaz.

Preparation of polymer nanoparticles loaded with Syzygium aromaticum essential oil: an oral potential application / Preparación de nanoparticulas polimericas cargadas con aceite esencial de Syzygium aromaticum: una potencial aplicación oral

Due to the biological activities of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil, its incorporation in methacrylate polymeric (Eudragit E100) nanoparticles (NP), physical characterization, and antimicrobial essays were evaluated. The clove bears great potential for applications in dentistry. The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and oil loaded NP using the nanoprecipitation method. Particle size and polydispersity index were determined by photon correlation spectroscopy, and physical morphology by electron microscopy. Loading capacity and in vitro eugenol release were evaluated by gas mass chromatography, and the antimicrobial activity of oil loaded-NP was calculated against Streptococcus mutans. Different chemical ingredients were characterized, and eugenol was the principal compound with 51.55%. Polymer content was directly related to NP homogenous size, which was around 150 nm with spherical morphology. A 73.2% loading capacity of eugenol was obtained. Oil loaded NP presented a fickian-type release mechanism of eugenol. Antimicrobial activity to 300 µg/mL was obtained after 24 h.

Debido a las actividades biológicas del aceite esencial de Syzygium aromaticum, se evaluó su incorporación en nanopartículas (NP) de metacrilato polimérico (Eudragit E100), su caracterización y ensayos antimicrobianos. El clavo tiene un gran potencial para aplicaciones en odontología. El aceite se obtuvo por hidrodestilación y las NP cargado de aceite utilizando el método de nanoprecipitación. El tamaño de partícula y el índice de polidispersidad se determinaron mediante espectroscopia de correlación fotónica y su morfología por microscopía electrónica. La capacidad de carga y la liberación de eugenol in vitro se evaluaron mediante cromatografía de gases en masa, y la actividad antimicrobiana se evaluó contra Streptococcus mutans. Se caracterizaron diferentes ingredientes químicos, siendo el eugenol el principal compuesto con 51.55%. El contenido de polímero se relacionó directamente con el tamaño homogéneo de NP, que fue de alrededor de 150 nm con morfología esférica. Se obtuvo un 73,2% de capacidad de carga de eugenol. El aceite cargado en NP presentó un mecanismo de liberación de eugenol de tipo fickiano. La actividad antimicrobiana a 300 µg/mL se obtuvo después de 24 h.

Quimiocastração com óleo essencial de Eugenia caryophyllata em cães / Canine chemical castration with Eugenia caryophyllata essential oil / Esterilización química con aceite Esencial de eugenia caryophyllata en perros

A esterilização química é uma técnica de esterilização que consiste na aplicação intratesticular de agentes esclerosantes, com o intuito de causar dano ao tecido testicular e, consequentemente, suprimir a atividade reprodutiva em animais do sexo masculino. Por ser uma técnica de rápida execução, de baixo custo e com baixos riscos de gerar complicações, vem sendo estudada como forma de esterilização em animais domésticos, especialmente pensando-se em sua utilização em larga escala. O presente estudo buscou avaliar a eficácia a médio prazo da quimiocastração com óleo essencial de cravo da índia. Doze cães adultos, sem raça definida, foram incluídos na pesquisa. Um grupo consistiu no grupo controle, o qual foi constituído de animais onde foi injetado 0,5 ml de solução fisiológica 0,9% em cada testículo, e outro, com a injeção de 0,5 mL de óleo essencial de cravo da índia em cada testículo. Foi possível observar histologicamente no grupo tratado que após 42 dias da quimiocastração houve a ocorrência de danos teciduais que geraram comprometimento da espermatogênese, o que não foi verificado no grupo controle. Apesar de o grupo tratado ter apresentado maior reação inflamatória dos testículos, as análises de cortisol e avaliação das escalas de dor permitiram constatar que não houve diferenças estatísticas entre o cortisol dos grupos controle e teste, e que a dor ocasionada pelo procedimento não atingiu um grau intenso, respectivamente. As análises bioquímicas das funções renal e hepática possibilitou verificar que, em ambos os grupos, não houve sinais de toxicidade para estes órgãos. Sendo assim, a sua utilização demonstrou-se eficaz e segura em causar supressão da atividade reprodutiva em cães machos, porém, mais estudos devem ser realizados de forma a verificar se os efeitos perduram em longo prazo.(AU)

Chemical castration is a sterilization technique consisting of intratesticular application of sclerosing agents with the intention of damaging the testicular tissue and, consequently, suppressing the reproductive activity in male animals. Since it is a fast-running, low-cost technique with low complication risks, it has been studied as a form of sterilization in pets, with special focus on a large-scale use. This study sought to evaluate the medium-term efficacy of clove essential oil as a chemical castration agent. Twelve adult dogs with no defined breed were included in the study. One group was considered the control group, which consisted of animals where 0.5 ml 0.9% saline solution was injected into each testicle. The other group was injected 0.5 ml clove essential oil in each testicle. It was possible to histologically observe in the treated group that after 42 days of the chemical sterilization there was the occurrence of tissue damages that generated spermatogenesis impairment, which was not verified in the control group. Although the treated group presented a greater inflammatory reaction of the testes, the cortisol analysis and evaluation of the pain scales showed that there were no statistical differences between the cortisol level of both groups, and that the pain caused by the procedure did not reach an intense degree, respectively. Biochemical analyzes of kidney and liver functions made it possible to verify that, in both groups, there were no signs of toxicity to these organs. Therefore, its use has been shown to be effective and safe in suppressing reproductive activity in male dogs. However, further studies should be carried out to verify if the effects persist in the long term.(AU)

La esterilización química es una técnica que consiste en la aplicación intratesticular de agentes esclerosantes, con el fin de causar daño al tejido testicular y, consecuentemente, suprimir la actividad reproductiva en animales del sexo masculino. Por ser una técnica de rápida ejecución, de bajo costo y con bajos riesgos de generar complicaciones, viene siendo estudiada como forma de esterilización en animales domésticos, especialmente pensando en su utilización a gran escala. El presente estudio buscó evaluar la eficacia a medio plazo de la esterilización química con aceite esencial del clavo de India. Doce perros adultos, sin raza definida, fueron incluidos en la investigación. Un grupo consistió en el grupo control, el cual fue constituido de animales donde se inyectó 0,5 ml de solución fisiológica 0,9% en cada testículo, y otro, con la inyección de 0,5 ml de aceite esencial del clavo de India en cada testículo. Se pudo observar histológicamente en el grupo tratado que, después de 42 días de la esterilización química hubo la ocurrencia de daños en tejidos que generaron comprometimiento de la espermatogénesis, lo que no fue verificado en el grupo control. A pesar de que el grupo tratado hubiera presentado mayor reacción inflamatoria de los testículos, los análisis de cortisol y evaluación de las escalas de dolor permitieron constatar que no hubo diferencias estadísticas entre el cortisol de los grupos control y prueba, y que el dolor ocasionado por el procedimiento no alcanzó un grado intenso, respectivamente. Los análisis bioquímicos de las funciones renal y hepática permitieron verificar que, en los grupos no hubo signos de toxicidad para estos órganos. Por lo tanto, su uso se demostró eficaz y seguro en causar supresión de la actividad reproductiva en perros machos, sin embargo, más estudios deben ser realizados para verificar si los efectos perduran a largo plazo.(AU)

Castração química em suínos com óleo essencial de cravo da índia (Eugenia caryophyllata) / Chemical castration in pigs with clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllata) / Castración química en cerdos con aceite esencial del cravo de india (Eugenia caryophyllata)

Os suínos são a segunda proteína animal mais consumido do mundo, sendo que o Brasil é o quarto produtor mundial deste tipo de carne. Atualmente, por exigência do mercado consumidor externo e interno há uma grande demanda por produção de carne por meios orgânicos ecologicamente sustentáveis e que sigam a premissa de bem-estar animal. A castração é realizada em suínos machos para tornar a carne palatável e aceita pelos consumidores. A técnica tradicionalmente empregada é a cirúrgica, mas da maneira que é praticada é um método que provoca dor e estresse nos animais. Como alternativa a este método existe a imunocastração. Tal técnica é eficaz e indolor, mas ainda onerosa para os produtores. Desta maneira, no presente trabalho foi estudada a castração química em suínos por meio de injeção intratesticular de óleo essencial de cravo da índia (OECI). Em todos os animais foi administrado meloxicam e foi feita anestesia infiltrativa intra-testicular. Estabelecida a anestesia foi realizada a castração química. Foi introduzido OECI nos testículos (intratesticular, bilateralmente). Após o procedimento, os suínos foram examinados diariamente durante uma semana. Em todos os animais a introdução do OECI foi de fácil execução, sem intercorrências nem óbitos. Em dois animais 20% (2/10) foi observado edema 24 horas após a administração do fármaco. No entanto, tal reação foi considerada como um processo inflamatório, provocado pela substância injetada no interior do tecido testicular. Não foram observados sinais de dor ou desconforto após a castração química nos animais. Provavelmente tal resultado é decorrente do protocolo analgésico e anestésico adotado no presente estudo. Concluiu-se que a injeção intratesticular de óleo essencial de cravo da índia em suínos machos mostrou-se uma técnica viável e de fácil execução na espécie estudada.(AU)

Pigs are the second most consumed animal protein in the world, with Brazil being the fourth largest producer of this type of meat in the world. Currently, due to the pressure from both the foreign and domestic consumer markets, there is a great demand for meat to be produced in an organic manner, which is ecologically sustainable and following the animal welfare assumptions. Castration is performed on male pigs to make the meat more palatable and accepted by consumers. The technique is traditionally surgical, a method that causes pain and stress to the animals. Immunocastration is an alternative to this method. This is an effective and painless technique for the animals, albeit still costly for the producers. Thus, this paper studied the chemical castration in pigs by intratesticular injection of clove essential oil (CEO). Meloxicam and intra-testicular infiltrative anesthesia were administered to all subjects. Once anesthesia was established, chemical castration was performed. CEO was introduced into the testicles (intratesticular, bilaterally). After the procedure, the subjects were examined daily for one week. In all subjects, the introduction of the CEO was easy to perform, uneventful, and no deaths were recorded. Edema was observed in two subjects (20%) (2/10) 24 hours after drug administration. However, such a reaction was considered as an inflammatory process caused by the substance injected into the testicular tissue. No signs of pain or discomfort were observed after chemical castration. The edema could also be a result of the analgesic and anesthetic protocol adopted in the study. It was concluded that intratesticular injection of clove essential oil in male pigs proved to be a viable and easily performed technique in the studied species.(AU)

Los cerdos son la segunda proteína animal más consumida del mundo, siendo que Brasil es el cuarto productor mundial de este tipo de carne. Actualmente, por exigencia del mercado consumidor externo e interno hay una gran demanda por producción de carne por medios orgánicos ecológicamente sostenibles y que sigan la premisa del bienestar animal. La castración se realiza en cerdos machos para hacer la carne más apetecible y acepta por los consumidores. La técnica tradicionalmente empleada es la quirúrgica, pero de la manera que se practica es un método que provoca dolor y estrés en los animales. Como alternativa a este método existe la inmunocastración. Tal técnica es eficaz e indolora, pero costosa para los productores. Así, en la presente investigación, se estudió la castración química en cerdos por inyección intratesticular de aceite esencial del clavo de India (AEC). Se administró meloxicam a todos los animales y se administró anestesia infiltrada intratesticular. Una vez que se estableció la anestesia, se realizó la castración química. Se ha introducido en los testículos AEC (intratesticular, bilateralmente). Después del procedimiento, los cerdos fueron examinados diariamente durante una semana. En todos los animales, la introducción del AEC ha sido fácil de realizarse, sin incidentes y sin óbito. En dos animales 20%; (2/10) se observó edema 24 horas tras la administración del fármaco. Sin embargo, dicha reacción se consideró como un proceso inflamatorio causado por la sustancia inyectada en el tejido testicular. No se observaron signos de dolor o incomodidad después de la castración química en los animales. Probablemente dicho resultado se deba al protocolo analgésico y anestésico adoptado en el presente estudio. Se concluyó que la inyección intratesticular de aceite esencial del clavo de India en cerdos machos demuestra ser una técnica viable y de fácil realización en la especie estudiada.(AU)

Protective role of Syzygium cumini leaf extracts against paraquat-induced oxidative stress in superoxide-dismutase-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of three different extracts prepared from Syzygium cumini leaves against paraquat-induced toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiaestrains deficient in superoxide dismutase (SOD). Additionally, the extracts phenolic and flavonoid contents, in vitro antioxidant activity, and phytochemical composition (using high-pressure liquid chromatography) were determined. Bioactive compounds from S. cumini leaves were extracted with infusion (traditional method) or ultrasound (aqueous or hydroalcoholic). Compared to the infusion extract, the ultrasound extracts exhibited a greater protective capacity against paraquat toxicity in the yeast cells as well as higher antioxidant activity. These results may be directly related to the higher phenolic and flavonoid contents in these extracts, since they are recognized as having high antioxidant actions.

Effects of Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Salvia triloba extracts on proliferation and differentiation of dental pulp stem cells

Abstract Hypersensitivity, local irritative and cytotoxic effects are known for the chemical components of Syzygium aromaticum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum contained in dental materials. However, there is no intimate data in dentistry using the whole extracts of these plants and introducing new ones. Salvia triloba is a well-known anti-inflammatory plant that correspondingly could be used in several dental traumas. Objectives: We aimed to show and compare the effect of S. aromaticum, C. zeylanicum, and S. triloba extracts on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) proliferation, differentiation, and immune responses. Material and Methods: Using xCELLigence, a real time monitoring system, we obtained a growth curve of DPSCs with different concentrations of the Extracts. A dose of 10 μg/mL was the most efficient concentration for vitality. Osteogenic differentiation and anti-inflammatory activities were determined by using an ELISA Kit to detect early and late markers of differentiation. Results: The level of osteonectin (ON, early osteogenic marker) decreased, which indicated that the osteogenic differentiation may be accelerated with addition of extracts. However, the level of osteocalcin (OCN, late osteogenic marker and sign of calcium granulation) differed among the extracts, in which S. aromaticum presented the highest value, followed by S. triloba and C. zeylanicum. Surprisingly, the determined calcium granules were reduced in S. aromaticum and S. triloba. In response to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), S. triloba-treated DPSCs showed the most reduced level of IL-6 cytokine level. We suggest C. zeylanicum as a promising osteogenic inducer and S. triloba as a potent anti-inflammatory agent, which could be used safely in biocomposite or scaffold fabrications for dentistry. Conclusions: Because calcium granule formation and cell viability play a critical role in hard tissue formation, S. aromaticum in dentistry should be strictly controlled, and the mechanism leading to reduced calcium granule formation should be identified.

Development and evaluation of an inhalation chamber for in vivo tests

ABSTRACT The bioavailability, toxicity, and therapeutic efficacy of a drug is directly related to its administration route. The pulmonary route can be accessed by inhalation after fumigation, vaporization or nebulization. Thus, pharmacological and toxicological evaluation accessed by an apparatus specifically designed and validated for this type of administration is extremely important. Based on pre-existing models, an inhalation chamber was developed. This presents a central structure with five animal holders. The nebulized air passes directly and continuously through these holders and subsequently to an outlet. Evaluation of its operation was performed using clove essential oil, a nebulizer, and a flow meter. The air within the chamber was collected by static headspace and analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. For this purpose, a 2.5 minutes chromatographic method was developed. The air flow in each of the five outputs was 0.92 liters per minute. During the first minute, the chamber became saturated with the nebulized material. Homogeneous and continuous operation of the chamber was observed without accumulation of volatile material inside it for 25 minutes. The inhalation chamber works satisfactorily for in vivo tests with medicines designed to be administrated by inhalation.

Larvicidal activity of Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merr and Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck essential oils and their antagonistic effects with temephos in resistant populations of Aedes aegypti

Environmentally friendly botanical larvicides are commonly considered as an alternative to synthetic larvicides against Aedes aegypti Linn. In addition, mosquito resistance to currently used larvicides has motivated research to find new compounds acting via different mechanisms of action, with the goal of controlling the spread of mosquitos. Essential oils have been widely studied for this purpose. This work aims to evaluate the larvicidal potential of Syzygium aromaticum and Citrus sinensis essential oils, either alone or in combination with temephos, on Ae. aegypti populations having different levels of organophosphate resistance. The 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of the essential oils alone and in combination with temephos and the influence of essential oils on vector oviposition were evaluated. The results revealed that essential oils exhibited similar larvicidal activity in resistant populations and susceptible populations. However, S. aromaticum and C. sinensis essential oils in combination with temephos did not decrease resistance profiles. The presence of the evaluated essential oils in oviposition sites significantly decreased the number of eggs compared to sites with tap water. Therefore, the evaluated essential oils are suitable for use in mosquito resistance management, whereas their combinations with temephos are not recommended. Additionally, repellency should be considered during formulation development to avoid mosquito deterrence.

Histological and histochemical changes by clove essential oil upon the gonads of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) / Alteraciones histológicas e histoquímicas provocadas por el aceite esencial de clavo de olor en las gónadas de Spodoptera frugiperda ( je smith ) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Spodoptera frugiperda is a polyphagous insect that causes economic losses to several crops in Brazil and is the major obstacle to corn production. Researches focusing on alternative control, e.g. botanical products are expanding to offer a wide variety of molecules that interfere with different biological parameters of insect pests. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that clove essential oil affects the spermatogenesis, ovarioles histochemistry and the fertility of S. frugiperda. The results showed that clove essential oil affects the gametogenesis of S. frugiperda ovarioles, reflecting negatively on its reproduction, proving to be a promising tool for controlling this pest.

Spodoptera frugiperda es un insecto polífago que causa pérdidas económicas a varias cosechas en Brasil y es el mayor obstáculo para la producción de maíz. Este estudio está centrado en el control alternativo, con productos botánicos que se están expandiendo y ofrecen una amplia variedad de moléculas que interfieren con diferentes parámetros biológicos de plagas de insectos. Por tanto, se puso a prueba la hipótesis de que el aceite esencial de clavo de olor afecta la espermatogénesis. La histoquímica de los ovarioles y la fertilidad de S. frugiperda. Los resultados mostraron que el aceite esencial de clavo de olor afecta la gametogénesis de los ovarioles en S. frugiperda, lo que incide negativamente en su reproducción, demostrando ser una herramienta prometedora para el control de esta plaga.

Evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana de los aceites esenciales de zacate de limón (Cymbopogon citratus DC. Stapf), eucalipto (Eucalyptus ssp.) y clavo de olor (Sysygium aromaticum L), solos y en combinación, contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, septiembre 2011 a junio 2012 / Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oils of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus DC Stapf), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus ssp. ) And clove (Sysygium aromaticum L), alone and in combination, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, September 2011 to June 2012

Los aceites esenciales son la fracción volátil del aroma de muchas plantas medicinales, mostrando variadas propiedades curativas. La presente investigación experimental trata sobre la actividad antibacterial que manifiestan los aceites esenciales de: zacate de limón (Cymbopogon Citratus DC. Stapf.), eucalipto (Eucalyptus ssp.) y clavo de olor (Sysygium aromaticum L.) solos y en combinación contra la cepa Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Para la extracción de los aceites esenciales de las tres especies de plantas, se utilizó el método de arrastre con vapor de agua. Luego de la extracción se almacenó cada uno de los aceites en recipientes de vidrio (vol. 125 mL) a temperatura de 4 oC. Posteriormente se realizó la prueba de actividad antibacterial utilizando el método de Kirby-Bauer para antimicrobianos en replicas de 10 para cada uno de los aceites esenciales en estudio; usando en cada réplica los siguientes volúmenes 5, 10 y 15 µL y como control positivo, polimixina B (300 units). Los resultados de las pruebas mostraron que el aceite esencial de eucalipto no tuvo actividad antibacteriana a un volumen de 5µL, mientras que a un volumen de 10µL mostró actividad antibacteriana intermedia contra la cepa y un volumen de 15µL mostró actividad positiva. El aceite esencial combinado mostró actividad intermedia a volúmenes de 5µL y 10µL y positivo a un volumen de 15µL. los aceites esenciales de Zacate de limón y Clavo de olor no mostraron actividad contra la cepa, en ninguno de los volúmenes utilizados. La información suministrada en esta investigación experimental evidencia la actividad antibacterial de los aceites esenciales principalmente el aceite esencial de eucalipto procedente del área periurbana del municipio de Ciudad Sandino, contra la cepa Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853.

Inibição do crescimento in vitro de fitopatógenos sob diferentes concentrações de extratos de plantas medicinais / In vitro inhibition of fungal plant pathogens by different concentrations of medicinal plants extracts

Com o objetivo de avaliar in vitro o efeito de diferentes concentrações de extratos vegetais sobre o crescimento de Cercospora kikuchii, Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum sp. e Phomopsis sp., foram conduzidos quatro bioensaios experimentais, no Laboratório de Fitopatologia da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Foi adotado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3 x 6, com 8 repetições para cada bioensaio. Foram utilizados extratos aquosos de alho, canela e cravo-da-índia, nas concentrações de 0; 0,5; 1; 5; 10 e 20%. Para obtenção dos extratos foram coletadas 30 g do material vegetal e trituradas em 120 mL de água destilada. Os extratos foram filtrados em papel Wathman nº 1 e incorporados ao meio BDA, de modo a obter as concentrações desejadas. Posteriormente, a solução foi vertida em placas de Petri, onde foram transferidos discos de micélio do patógeno, de 0,3 cm de diâmetro. Em seguida, as placas foram incubadas a 25º C, com fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Foi analisado o crescimento micelial da colônia fúngica. Os resultados revelaram que o efeito do extrato aquoso de canela para todos os patógenos estudados, e do extrato de alho para F. solani, Colletotrichum sp. e Phomopsis sp. foi dependente das concentrações utilizadas, constatando-se maior atividade antifúngica com o aumento das concentrações. Verificou-se com o uso do extrato de cravo-da-índia maior eficácia no controle dos fitopatógenos testados, sendo observada supressão sobre o crescimento de Colletotrichum sp., Cercospora kikuchii, F. solani e de Phomopsis sp. a partir das concentrações de 7,4, 7,5, 8,9 e 7,0%, respectivamente. O extrato aquoso de alho, na concentração de 9,7%, apresentou efetivo controle apenas sobre C. kikuchii.

In order to evaluate the in vitro effect of different concentrations of plant extracts on the growth of Cercospora kikuchii, Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum sp. and Phomopsis sp., 4 bioassays experiments were conducted at the Plant Pathology Laboratory of the Federal University of Grande Dourados, Brazil. The experimental design was a completely randomized design in a 3 x 6 factorial arrangement, with 8 replicates for each bioassay. Aqueous extracts of garlic, cinnamon and clove were evaluated in concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 and 20%. Extracts were obtained through maceration of 30 g of plant material in 120 mL of distilled water. The extracts were filtered in grade-1 Whatman paper and incorporated into PDA medium to obtain the desired concentrations. Subsequently, the solution was poured into Petri dishes, and then 3 mm-diameter-PDA plugs with pathogen mycelium were transferred to the center of the PDA + plant extract Petri dish. Plates were incubated at 25° C with a 12-h-day photoperiod. Fungal growth was performed daily by measuring the colony diameter. The results showed that the effect of aqueous extract of cinnamon for all pathogens studied, and garlic extract for F. solani, Colletotrichum sp. and Phomopsis sp., was dependent on the concentrations used, noting a higher antifungal activity with increased concentrations used. Clove extract presented the greatest effectiveness for the control of the plant pathogens tested, with observed suppression on the growth of Colletotrichum sp. C. kikuchii, F. solani and Phomopsis sp. at the concentrations 7.4, 7.5, 8.9 and 7.0%, respectively. The aqueous extract of garlic at a concentration of 9.7% presented effective control only for C. kikuchii.